Co2 cooling system and method for operating same

ABSTRACT

A CO 2  cooling system includes a compression stage in which CO 2  refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO 2  refrigerant releases heat; a CO 2  liquid receiver in which the CO 2  refrigerant is accumulated in liquid and gaseous states; an evaporation stage in which the CO 2  refrigerant, having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The evaporation stage has first and second evaporation sectors; a first metering device for feeding CO 2  refrigerant into the first evaporation sector at a first pressure; and a second metering device for feeding CO 2  refrigerant into the second evaporation sector at a second pressure. The first metering device and the second metering device are operated independently from one another. A plurality of CO 2  transfer lines connects the compression stage, the cooling stage, the CO 2  liquid receiver and the evaporation stage. The CO 2  refrigerant is circulable in a closed-loop circuit.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims benefit under 35USC §119(e) of US provisional patent application 62/154,982 filed Apr. 29, 2015, the specification of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The technical field generally relates to CO₂ cooling systems and to a method for operating a CO₂ cooling system. More particularly, the invention relates to CO₂ refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

BACKGROUND

in the last few years, carbon dioxide (CO₂) made a come-back in refrigeration applications where it is used as a refrigerant fluid or coolant. This is mainly due to the concerns regarding the effects of refrigerants on ozone layer depletion and global warming. CO₂ is known as a naturally available, safe, environmental friendly refrigerant with good thermo-physical and transport properties.

In cooling systems, most of the energy costs come from the motors that drive compressors, fans, and pumps. In the case of an ice-covered surface such as an ice rink, while the use of CO₂ generally allows reducing the energy consumption of the cooling system due to possible higher heat reclaim, some sectors of the surface may require more refrigerant than others in order to maintain a similar ice quality. Similarly, for supermarkets and industrial applications, some sectors may require more refrigerant than others in order to respond to the cooling needs.

In view of the above, CO₂ cooling still has a number of challenges.

SUMMARY

It is therefore an aim of the present invention to address the above mentioned issues.

In accordance with an aspect, there is provided a CO₂ cooling system, comprising: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the compressed CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; an evaporation stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant, having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The evaporation stage comprises: a first evaporation sector and a second evaporation sector; a first CO₂ transfer line feeding a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage into the first evaporation sector, the first CO₂ transfer line comprising a first metering device mounted upstream the first evaporation sector; and a second CO₂ transfer line feeding a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage into the second evaporation sector, the second CO₂ transfer line comprising a second metering device mounted upstream the second evaporation sector and a CO₂ accumulator mounted upstream the second metering device. The first metering device and the second metering device are operated independently from one another, CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector being different than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation. The CO₂ cooling system also comprises a plurality of CO₂ transfer lines connecting the compression stage, the cooling stage and the evaporation stage, and wherein the CO₂ refrigerant is circulable in a closed-loop circuit.

In an embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a CO₂ liquid receiver located upstream of the first and the second metering devices and the CO₂ accumulator. The second CO₂ transfer line further comprises a pressure differential unit mounted between the CO₂ liquid receiver and the CO₂ accumulator.

In an embodiment, the first metering device comprises an expansion valve and the second metering device comprises a pump.

In a further embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system comprises a CO₂ transfer line transferring the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the compression stage.

In an embodiment, the CO₂ accumulator is mounted in the CO₂ transfer line transferring the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the compression stage.

In yet a further embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a pressure regulating unit mounted to at least one of the first and second transfer line upstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver.

In an embodiment, the evaporation stage comprises a circuit of pipes extending under an ice-playing surface. The circuit of pipes includes at least one first pipe line corresponding to the first evaporation sector and at least one second pipe line corresponding to the second evaporation sector.

In an embodiment, the at least one first pipe line extends below a central section of the ice-playing surface; and the at least one second pipe line extends below an outer section of the ice-playing surface.

In accordance with an aspect, CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector.

In another embodiment, downstream of a respective one of the first and second metering devices, at least one of the first and second CO₂ transfer lines is divided into a plurality of CO₂ transfer sub-lines. Each one of the CO₂ transfer sub-lines comprises a controllable metering device supplying CO₂ refrigerant to the respective one of the first and the second evaporation sectors.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a CO₂ cooling system, comprising: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the compressed CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; a CO₂ liquid receiver in which the CO₂ refrigerant, exiting the cooling stage, is accumulated in liquid and gaseous states; an evaporation stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant, having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The evaporation stage comprises: a first evaporation sector and a second evaporation sector; a first CO₂ transfer line feeding a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage into the first evaporation sector, the first CO₂ transfer line comprising a first metering device mounted upstream the first evaporation sector, the first CO₂ transfer line by-passing the CO₂ liquid receiver; and a second CO₂ transfer line feeding a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ liquid receiver into the second evaporation sector, the second CO₂ transfer line comprising a second metering device mounted upstream the second evaporation sector. The first metering device and the second metering device are operated independently from one another. The CO₂ cooling system also comprises a plurality of CO₂ transfer lines connecting the compression stage, the cooling stage, the CO₂ liquid receiver and the evaporation stage and wherein the CO₂ refrigerant is circulable in a closed-loop circuit.

In an embodiment, the first metering device comprises an expansion valve and the second metering device comprises a pump.

In another embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system comprises a CO₂ transfer line transferring the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the compression stage.

In a further embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system comprises a CO₂ accumulator mounted to the CO₂ transfer line extending between the evaporation stage and the compression stage.

In an embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a pressure regulating unit mounted to at least one of the first and second transfer line upstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver.

In yet another embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system comprises a CO₂ transfer line transferring a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the CO₂ liquid receiver to the CO₂ accumulator. The CO₂ transfer line includes a pressure differential unit mounted downstream the CO₂ liquid receiver and upstream the CO₂ accumulator.

In an embodiment, the evaporation stage comprises a circuit of pipes extending under an ice-playing surface. The circuit of pipes includes at least one first pipe line corresponding to the first evaporation sector and at least one second pipe line corresponding to the second evaporation sector.

In another embodiment, the at least one first pipe line extends below a central section of the ice-playing surface; and the at least one second pipe line extends below an outer section of the ice-playing surface.

In a further embodiment, CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector.

In another embodiment, downstream of a respective one of the first and second metering devices, at least one of the first and second CO₂ transfer lines is divided into a plurality of CO₂ transfer sub-lines. Each one of the CO₂ transfer sub-lines comprises a controllable metering device supplying CO₂ refrigerant to the respective one of the first and the second evaporation sectors.

In accordance with a further aspect, there is provided a method for operating a CO₂ cooling system. The CO₂ cooling system comprises: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; and an evaporation stage. The evaporation stage comprises a first evaporation sector and a second evaporation sector, and the CO₂ refrigerant having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The method comprises: circulating the CO₂ refrigerant in a closed-loop circuit between the evaporation stage, the compression stage and the cooling stage. Circulating the CO₂ refrigerant comprises: conveying a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage into the first evaporation sector; conveying a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to a CO₂ accumulator through a pressure differential unit, and conveying the second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ accumulator into the second evaporation sector; and independently controlling a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the first evaporation sector and a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the second evaporation sector.

In an embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a first metering device downstream of the cooling stage and upstream of the first evaporation sector; and a second metering device downstream of the CO₂ accumulator and upstream of the second evaporation sector. Conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant comprises conveying a respective one of the first and the second portions through a respective one of the first and the second metering devices. The method further comprises independently controlling the first and the second metering devices so as to feed the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant to the respective one of the first and the second evaporation sectors, so that CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector.

In a further embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a CO₂ liquid receiver, in which the CO₂ refrigerant is accumulated in liquid and gaseous state, located upstream of the first and the second metering devices and the CO₂ accumulator. Conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant comprises conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to the CO₂ liquid receiver and then conveying the first and second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant to the respective one of the first metering device and the pressure differential unit provided upstream of the CO₂ accumulator.

In an embodiment, conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to CO₂ liquid receiver comprises lowering a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant by conveying at least one of the first and second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant between the cooling stage and the CO₂ liquid receiver through a pressure regulating unit.

In a further embodiment, the method comprises conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the CO₂ accumulator, and then conveying a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ accumulator to the compression stage.

In an embodiment, the method also comprises conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the compression stage.

In yet another embodiment, the evaporation stage comprises a circuit of pipes extending under an ice-playing surface. The circuit of pipes includes at least one first pipe line corresponding to the first evaporation sector and extending below a central section of the ice-playing surface, and at least one second pipe line corresponding to the second evaporation sector and extending below an outer section of the ice-playing surface.

In an embodiment, the method comprises monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver; and controlling at least one of the pressure regulating unit, the pressure differential unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver is maintain between 400 and 600 psi.

In another embodiment, the method comprises monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver; and controlling at least one of the pressure regulating unit, the pressure differential unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver is maintain between 450 and 550 psi.

In yet another embodiment, the method comprises monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ accumulator; and controlling at least one of the pressure differential unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ accumulator is maintain between 300 and 400 psi.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method for operating a CO₂ cooling system. The CO₂ cooling system comprises a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; a CO₂ liquid receiver in which the CO₂ refrigerant is accumulated in liquid and gaseous states; and an evaporation stage. The evaporation stage comprises first and second evaporation sectors, in which the CO₂ refrigerant having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The method comprises: circulating the CO₂ refrigerant in a closed-loop circuit between the compression stage, the cooling stage, and the evaporation stage. Circulating the CO₂ refrigerant comprises: conveying a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage into the first evaporation sector, the first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant by-passing the CO₂ liquid receiver; conveying a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to the CO₂ liquid receiver, and conveying a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant into the second evaporation sector; and independently controlling a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the first evaporation sector and a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the second evaporation sector.

In an embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a first metering device downstream of the cooling stage and upstream of the first evaporation sector; and a second metering device downstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver and upstream of the second evaporation sector. Conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant comprises conveying a respective one of the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant through a respective one of the first and the second metering devices. The method further comprises independently controlling the first and the second metering devices so as to feed the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant to a respective one of the first and the second evaporation sectors, so that CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector.

In another embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a CO₂ accumulator downstream the evaporation stage and upstream the compression stage. The method comprises conveying a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ liquid receiver to the CO₂ accumulator through a pressure differential unit.

In a further embodiment, the method comprises conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the CO₂ accumulator, and conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ accumulator to the compression stage.

In yet another embodiment, the method comprises conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the compression stage.

In an embodiment, conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to CO₂ liquid receiver comprises lowering a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant by conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage to a respective one of the first metering device and the CO₂ liquid receiver through a pressure regulating unit.

In a yet another embodiment, the evaporation stage comprises a circuit of pipes extending under an ice-playing surface. The circuit of pipes includes at least one first pipe line corresponding to the first evaporation sector and extending below a central section of the ice-playing surface, and at least one second pipe line corresponding to the second evaporation sector and extending below an outer section of the ice-playing surface. Each of the at least first and second pipe line comprises a controllable metering device.

In an embodiment, the method comprises monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver; and controlling at least one of the pressure regulating unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver is maintain between 400 and 600 psi.

In another embodiment, the method comprises monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver; and controlling at least one of the pressure regulating unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver is maintain between 450 and 550 psi.

In yet another embodiment, the method comprises monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ accumulator; and controlling at least one of the pressure differential unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ accumulator is maintain between 300 and 400 psi.

In accordance with an aspect, there is provided a CO₂ cooling system, comprising: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; an evaporation stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant, having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The evaporation stage comprises: a first evaporation sector and a second evaporation sector; a first metering device for feeding a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant into the first evaporation sector at a first pressure; and a second metering device for feeding a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant into the second evaporation sector at a second pressure; a first CO₂ transfer line for transferring the first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage to the first metering device; a second CO₂ transfer line for transferring the second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage to the second metering device, the second transfer line comprising a CO₂ accumulator located upstream of the second metering device, wherein the first metering device and the second metering device are operated independently from one another. The CO₂ cooling system also comprises a plurality of CO₂ transfer lines connecting the compression stage, the cooling stage and the evaporation stage, and wherein the CO₂ refrigerant is circulable in a closed-loop circuit.

In an embodiment, the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a CO₂ liquid receiver located upstream of the first metering device and the CO₂ accumulator and the second transfer line extending from the CO₂ liquid receiver to the second metering device further comprises a pressure differential unit mounted between the CO₂ liquid receiver and the CO₂ accumulator. The second CO₂ transfer line can originate from the CO₂ liquid receiver.

In accordance with another aspect, there is provided a method for operating a CO₂ cooling system. The CO₂ cooling system comprises: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; and an evaporation stage comprising a first evaporation sector with a first metering device and a second evaporation sector with a second metering device and in which the CO₂ refrigerant having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The method comprises: circulating a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant between the cooling stage and the first metering device; operating the first metering device to feed the first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant to the first evaporation sector, at a first pressure; circulating a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant between the cooling stage and a CO₂ accumulator through a pressure-differential unit and then between the CO₂ accumulator and the second metering device; operating the second metering device independently from the first metering device, so as to feed the second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant to the second evaporation sector, at a second pressure, lower than the first pressure; and circulating the CO₂ refrigerant between the evaporation stage, the compression stage and the cooling stage in a closed-loop circuit.

In accordance with a further aspect, there is provided a CO₂ cooling system for an ice-playing surface, comprising: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; a CO₂ liquid receiver in which the CO₂ refrigerant is accumulated in liquid and gaseous states; an evaporation stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant, having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The evaporation stage comprises: a first evaporation sector and a second evaporation sector; a first metering device for feeding CO₂ refrigerant into the first evaporation sector at a first pressure; and a second metering device for feeding CO₂ refrigerant into the second evaporation sector at a second pressure. The first metering device and the second metering device are operated independently from one another. The CO₂ cooling system further comprises a plurality of CO₂ transfer lines connecting the compression stage, the cooling stage, the CO₂ liquid receiver and the evaporation stage and wherein the CO₂ refrigerant is circulable in a closed-loop circuit.

In accordance with still another aspect, there is provided a method for operating a CO₂ cooling system for an ice-playing surface. The CO₂ cooling system comprises: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; a CO₂ liquid receiver in which the CO₂ refrigerant is accumulated in liquid and gaseous states; and an evaporation stage comprising first and second evaporation sectors and in which the CO₂ refrigerant having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. The method comprises: circulating the CO₂ refrigerant in a closed-loop circuit between the compression stage, the cooling stage, the CO₂ liquid receiver and the evaporation stage; and independently controlling a first pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the first evaporation sector and a second pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the second evaporation sector.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a CO₂ cooling system according to an embodiment, wherein the CO₂ cooling system includes multiple refrigerant metering devices;

FIG. 1A is a scheme of an evaporation stage of the cooling system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a CO₂ cooling system according to another embodiment, wherein the CO₂ cooling system is free of an accumulator; and

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a CO₂ cooling system according to yet another embodiment, wherein the CO₂ cooling system includes a pump and an expansion valve;

FIG. 4 includes FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C: FIG. 4A is a technical plan of a CO₂ cooling system according to another embodiment, wherein the CO₂ cooling system is designed to cool down an ice-covered surface of an ice rink; FIGS. 4B and 4C are close-up views of portions of the technical plan of FIG. 4A;

FIG. 5 includes FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C: FIG. 5A is a technical plan of a CO₂ cooling system according to yet another embodiment, wherein the CO₂ cooling system is designed to cool down an ice-covered surface of an ice rink; FIGS. 5B and 5C are close-up views of portions of the technical plan of FIG. 5A; and

FIG. 6 is the legend of FIGS. 4 and 5.

It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, a CO₂ cooling system 10 according to an embodiment is shown. The CO₂ cooling system 10 can be a CO₂ air-conditioning system of the type used to cool rooms such as computer server rooms. Alternatively, the CO₂ cooling system 10 can be a refrigeration system of the type used to cool ice-playing surfaces including curling, hockey, and skating ice rinks, supermarket refrigerators and freezers, refrigerated rooms, and the like.

The CO₂ cooling system 10 is designed to independently control the feeding of CO₂ refrigerant in different sectors of an ice-covered surface or a portion of a building. For example, in the case of an ice-playing surface such as an ice hockey rink, several sectors of the ice-covered surface such as the center ice, and the areas around the goals are subjected to more wear than the other sectors of the ice rink. These over-exposed sectors are therefore typically in need of a greater quantity of refrigerant in order to maintain a similar ice quality. More particularly, more water is added as a thin layer to be frozen to rebuild the thickness of the ice. The CO₂ cooling system 10 is designed to independently control the amount of CO₂ refrigerant which is delivered to each one of the sectors of the ice rink. In other words, a CO₂ pressure in an outer section of the ice-playing surface (i.e. the circumference of the ice rink) and in a central section of the ice-playing surface (i.e. the center or the ice rink) are controlled independently. Throughout this disclosure it is understood that an ice-covered surface is used to exemplify the object to be cooled. However, it is also understood that in what follows, the cooled surface can be substituted with a portion of a building such as a room or a floor, a refrigerator, a freezer, or more generally any refrigerated room, closed space or surface.

The CO₂ cooling system 10 includes a compression stage 12 in which CO₂ refrigerant in a gaseous state is compressed. In some embodiments, the compression stage 12 includes one or several suitable compressors. In some embodiments, the compression stage can include a plurality of compressors. In some embodiments, the compressors can be configured in a parallel configuration, wherein the incoming CO₂ refrigerant flow is divided before being supplied to the compressors. The compressor outputs can then be recombined. In some embodiments, the compression stage 12 can include one or more compression units, each including one or more compressors, configured in a parallel configuration. Each one of the compression units can be fed with a different CO₂ refrigerant flow. For instance and without being limitative, a first one of the compression units can be fed with CO₂ refrigerant exiting an evaporation stage, a second one of the compression units can be fed with CO₂ refrigerant exiting a CO₂ liquid receiver, such as a CO₂ condensation reservoir, and a third one of the compression units can be fed with CO₂ refrigerant exiting a pressure-regulating unit (not shown). In an embodiment, the compression stage 12 is designed to compress CO₂ refrigerant into a sub-critical state or a supercritical state (or transcritical state), as will be described in more details below. However, it is appreciated that the system 10 can be designed to either operate solely in a sub-critical state, solely in a supercritical state, or alternatively in both the sub-critical state and the supercritical state.

The CO₂ refrigerant exiting the compression stage 12 is transferred to a cooling stage 14 in CO₂ transfer line 16. It is understood by the person skilled in the art that a transfer line can be a direct CO₂ connexion, such as a conduit or a pipe, between two adjacent components of the CO₂ cooling system or a succession of CO₂ connexions between a plurality of components of the CO₂ cooling system. In the cooling stage 14, CO₂ refrigerant in a compressed state releases heat. In some embodiments, the cooling stage 14 includes a gas cooling stage (or gas cooler). The cooling stage 14 can include one or several cooling units which can be disposed in parallel and/or in series. In some embodiments, in addition to or in replacement of the gas cooling stage, the cooling stage 14 can include a heat reclaim stage wherein heat is reclaimed from CO₂ refrigerant by heating a fluid, such as air, water, or another refrigerant, or by heating equipment. The cooling stage 14 can include one or several heating units. Valve(s) can be provided in relation with the cooling stage units to control the amount of CO₂ refrigerant directed to each of the cooling stage units.

In some embodiments, at least a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage 14 is transferred to a CO₂ liquid receiver 18 in CO₂ transfer line 20. In some embodiments, a pressure regulating unit 22, such as a valve, is positioned downstream of the cooling stage 14 and upstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver 18. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the pressure regulating unit 22 divides CO₂ transfer line 20 into two sections. However, in alternative embodiments, the pressure regulating unit 22 can be mounted adjacent to one of the cooling stage 14 and the CO₂ liquid receiver 18. The pressure regulating unit 22 can be any suitable valve or valve assembly that can maintain a pressure differential in line 20, i.e., that can maintain a higher pressure upstream thereof (the higher pressure side) than downstream thereof (the lower pressure side). In some embodiments, the CO₂ refrigerant is compressed in a supercritical state and the CO₂ refrigerant is returned to the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 in a mixture of liquid and gaseous states. Alternatively, in some embodiments where the CO₂ refrigerant is compressed in a sub-critical state, the CO₂ refrigerant can be directly transferred from the cooling stage 14 to the CO₂ condensation reservoir 18 without going through the pressure regulating unit 22 (i.e., by by-passing the pressure regulating unit 22). In other words, in some embodiments, the cooling system 10 can be free of the pressure regulating unit 22 in line 20 when the cooling system is not designed to compress the CO₂ refrigerant in a supercritical state.

The CO₂ liquid receiver 18 accumulates CO₂ refrigerant in a combination of liquid and gaseous states. Gaseous refrigerant accumulating in the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 can be circulated back to the compression stage 12 in CO₂ transfer line 23. More particularly, line 23 can be used to direct flash gas to the compression stage 12. CO₂ transfer line 24 directs liquid CO₂ refrigerant from the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 to an evaporation stage 26.

In some embodiments, the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage 14 is transferred to the evaporation stage 26 without going through the CO₂ liquid receiver 18. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the CO₂ refrigerant can bypass the CO₂ liquid receiver and be transferred directly to the evaporation stage 26 in CO₂ transfer line 21. Line 21 by-passes the CO₂ liquid receiver and links lines 20 and 24. The pressure differential unit 25, which can be a valve, can be respectively provided in line 21 in order to control the CO₂ refrigerant flowing in both paths (i.e., the CO₂ refrigerant by-passing the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 by going through line 21, or the CO₂ refrigerant going through the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 in line 20). In an embodiment, line 20, downstream the pressure regulating unit 22 can also be provided with a valve 19 to control the CO₂ refrigerant flow directed to the CO₂ liquid receiver 18. It is understood that in some embodiments, the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 can be absent from the cooling system 10. In such case, the CO₂ refrigerant is transferred from the cooling stage 14 to the evaporation stage 26 via CO₂ transfer lines 21 and 24, and/or to the reservoir 32.

In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A, the evaporation stage 26 is divided into a plurality of sectors 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D and 26E. Each one of the sectors 26A to 26E of the evaporation stage 26 can correspond to a sector of the refrigerated surface (or to a sector of the room or zone to refrigerate). The sectors 26A and 26E are connected to line 24 via a respective one of CO₂ transfer sub-lines 24A and 24E while the sectors 26B, 26C, and 26D are connected to line 21 via a respective one of CO₂ transfer sub-lines 21B, 21C, and 21D. Each one of the sub-lines 24A to 24E includes a metering device 28A, 28B, 28C, 28D and 28E which can hold CO₂ refrigerant back in a condensed state and can feed the CO₂ refrigerant into the respective one of the sectors 26A to 26E. Each one of the metering devices 28A to 28E can feed CO₂ refrigerant into the respective one of the sectors 26A to 26E at a desired pressure. For example, in the case of an ice-covered surface, some of the metering devices 28A to 28E can be configured to release CO₂ refrigerant at a higher pressure in sectors where the ice is damaged, while the remaining metering devices can be configured to release CO₂ refrigerant at a lower pressure in sectors where the ice is of relatively acceptable quality. In some embodiments, each one of the metering devices 28A to 28E is one of an expansion valve and a pump. It is understood that a metering device can provide a pressure drop point (i.e., an expansion valve) or a pressure increase point (i.e., a pump). In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 and 1A, the evaporation stage 26 is divided in five sectors 26A to 26E. However, it should be understood that the evaporation stage 26 can be divided into two sectors, three sectors, four sectors, or as many sectors required. Furthermore, the sectors 26A to 26E fed by a respective one of lines 21 and 24 can vary from the embodiment shown.

In an embodiment, the sectors requiring a higher refrigeration rate are supplied through line 21. In an embodiment, sub-lines 21B, 21C, and 21D are free of metering devices 28B, 28C, and 28D. The pressure differential unit 25 acts as the metering device for the sectors connected to line 21. Thus, the pressure differential unit 25 controls the flowrate of CO₂ refrigerant flowing in some sectors of the evaporation stage 26 and, more particularly, the one(s) supplied by line 21.

Now referring to FIG. 1A, the evaporation stage 26 can include one or several heat exchanger(s), such as a circuit of pipes 29, in which the CO₂ refrigerant circulates to absorb heat from ambient air, from another fluid or from a solid. If CO₂ refrigerant absorbs heat from ambient air, air can be propelled on the circuit of pipes through a fan, for instance to increase heat transfer (i.e., forced air convection). In the non-limiting embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, the circuit of pipes 29 includes a sub-circuit in each one of the sectors 26A to 26E. Each one of the sub-circuits can receive CO₂ refrigerant from a respective one of the metering devices 28A to 28E, at a pressure which can be controlled independently in each one of the sectors 26A to 26E, by configuring the respective metering device. In each one of the sectors 26A to 26E, the CO₂ refrigerant circulates through the sub-circuit so as to absorb heat. In the non-limiting embodiment shown in FIG. 1A, the CO₂ refrigerant is then recovered in CO₂ transfer line 30. In other embodiments (not shown in the Figures), it is understood that separate lines can allow recovering CO₂ refrigerant from each one of the sectors independently.

In an embodiment, each one of the metering devices 28A to 28E and the pressure differential unit 25, which can be a metering device, is independently controllable. In an embodiment, the metering devices 28A to 28E and pressure differential unit 25 can be operatively connected to a controller (not shown) and their configuration, i.e. opening or speed, can be adjusted in accordance with the required CO₂ flowrate.

The CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage 26 is directed in CO₂ transfer line 30 to the compression stage 12. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, line 30 includes a reservoir or accumulator 32. For example, the reservoir or accumulator 32 can be a suction line accumulator. In some scenarios, the suction line accumulator can prevent compressor damage from a sudden surge of liquid refrigerant and oil that could enter the compressor stage 12 from line 30. In some embodiments, CO₂ refrigerant can be directed from the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 to the reservoir 32 in CO₂ transfer line 34. In some embodiments, when the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 is by-passed or not present in the system, CO₂ transfer line (not shown) can transfer CO₂ refrigerant from CO₂ transfer line 21 to CO₂ transfer line 34. Line 34 can be provided with a pressure regulating unit 36 (such as a valve) which can be configured in a closed position, or in an open position so as to let CO₂ refrigerant through from the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 to the accumulator 32. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2, the accumulator is not present between the evaporation stage 26 and the compression stage 12, and the CO₂ refrigerant is directly directed to the compression stage 12 from the evaporation stage 26 in line 30 or from the reservoir 32 to the compression stage 12.

In some embodiments, the CO₂ refrigerant is transferred from the cooling stage to the evaporation stage by CO₂ transfer lines. The evaporation stage comprises a first and a second evaporation sectors comprising respectively a first and a second metering devices. A first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage is transferred by a first CO₂ transfer line to the first metering device, and a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant is transferred by a second CO₂ transfer line to the second metering device. In some embodiment, the first and second transfer CO₂ lines share a conduit section or a pipe section along a portion of their paths, i.e. the CO₂ refrigerant flowing in the first transfer line flows in the same conduit or pipe than the CO₂ refrigerant flowing in the second transfer line along a portion of their respective paths. The second CO₂ transfer line also comprises a CO₂ liquid receiver. Therefore the second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant is circulated between the cooling stage and the CO₂ liquid receiver and then between the CO₂ liquid receiver and the second metering device. The first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant by-passes the CO₂ liquid receiver, and is therefore circulated between the cooling stage and the first metering device through a pressure differential unit. The first and second metering devices can be operated to feed the first and second portions of CO₂ refrigerant into the first and second evaporation sectors respectively. Since the first and second metering devices can be operated independently, a CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector can be different from a CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector. In some scenario, the CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than the CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector. The CO₂ refrigerant is circulated in a closed-loop circuit: between the compression stage to the cooling stage, between the cooling stage and the evaporation stage through the first and second CO₂ transfer lines, the second CO₂ transfer line comprising the CO₂ liquid receiver, and finally between the evaporation stage and the compression stage.

Now referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an alternative embodiment of a CO₂ cooling system 100, wherein some features are numbered with reference numerals in the 100 series which correspond to the reference numerals of the embodiment of FIG. 1. CO₂ transfer line 124 includes a metering device 128 for feeding the liquid CO₂ refrigerant into the evaporation stage 126, such that refrigerant can be fed into sector 126B. In the non-limiting embodiment shown, the metering device 128 is an expansion valve, but it is understood that the expansion valve can be replaced with a pump. The pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in sector 126B is controlled by the metering device 128.

Still referring to FIG. 3, CO₂ refrigerant is directed to sectors 126A, 126C of the evaporation stage 126 from the reservoir 132, in CO₂ transfer line 137. Line 137 includes a metering device 138 for feeding the CO₂ refrigerant into the evaporation stage 126. In the non-limiting embodiment shown, the metering device 138 is a pump, but it is understood that the pump can be replaced with an expansion valve. Line 137, through metering device 138, can feed CO₂ refrigerant into sectors 126A, 126C of the evaporation stage 126, and the pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in sector 126B is controlled by the metering device 128. Line 137 is divided into CO₂ transfer sub-lines 137A and 137C downstream of the metering device 138 (as opposed to upstream of the metering devices 28A to 28E in the embodiment of FIG. 1) such that CO₂ refrigerant can be fed into sectors 126A and 126C of the evaporation stage 126. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), it is appreciated that the flow of CO₂ refrigerant in each one of the sectors 126A and 126C can be controlled by its own metering device.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in sector 126B is controlled by metering device 128, and the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in sectors 126A and 126C is controlled by metering device 138. However, it should be understood that other configurations are possible. For example, each one of the metering devices 128 and 138 can deliver CO₂ refrigerant to one or more sectors of the evaporation stage 126. Furthermore, CO₂ transfer line 124 and sub-lines 137A, 137C can be provided with flow-limiting devices downstream of the metering device (not shown in the Figures). Such flow-limiting devices can for example include valves such as solenoid valves, motorized valves, one-way flow control devices, pressure-regulating valves, and the like.

The pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 is typically higher than the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in the reservoir 32 or 132. For example, the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 can be between 400 psi and 600 psi, or between 450 psi and 550 psi. For example, the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in the reservoir 32 or 132 can be between 300 and 400 psi. In some embodiments, the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in the CO₂ liquid receiver 18 is variable and depends on the amount of CO₂ refrigerant which is condensed and/or the amount of CO₂ refrigerant which is fed into the CO₂ liquid receiver 18.

In some embodiments, the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in the reservoir 32, 132 is maintained at a substantially constant value. For example, the pressure in the reservoir 32, 132 can be set at a given value between 300 and 400 psi (e.g. 350 psi), and CO₂ refrigerant can be allowed into the reservoir 32, 132 from the evaporation stage 26, 126 when the pressure drops below the given value (for example by opening a valve which can be mounted in CO₂ transfer line 30, 130 upstream of the reservoir 32, 132). Similarly, when the pressure is higher than the given value, CO₂ refrigerant can be forced out of the reservoir 32, 132 (for example by opening a valve which can be mounted in line 30, 130 downstream of the reservoir 32, 132).

In an embodiment, the sectors requiring a higher refrigeration rate are supplied through the high pressure CO₂ liquid receiver, via line 124, and the metering device 128 is an expansion valve while the metering device 138 is a pump. Higher CO₂ refrigerant flowrates can typically be achieved when supplied from a combination of a higher pressure reservoir and an expansion valve than when supplied from a combination of a lower pressure reservoir and a pump.

As for the embodiments described above in reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, each one of the metering devices 128 and 138 is independently controllable. In an embodiment, the metering devices 128 and 138 can be operatively connected to a controller (not shown) and their configuration, i.e. opening or speed can be adjusted in accordance with the required CO₂ flowrate.

In some embodiments, the CO₂ refrigerant is transferred from the cooling stage to the evaporation stage by CO₂ transfer lines. The evaporation stage comprises a first and a second evaporation sectors, comprising a first and a second metering devices respectively. A first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage is transferred by a first CO₂ transfer line to the first metering device, and a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant is transferred by a second transfer line to the second metering device. In some embodiment, the first and second transfer lines share a conduit section or a pipe section along a portion of their paths, i.e. the CO₂ refrigerant flowing in the first transfer line flows in the same conduit or pipe than the CO₂ refrigerant flowing in the second transfer line along a portion of their respective paths. The second transfer line also comprises a CO₂ accumulator. Therefore, the second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant is circulated between the cooling stage and the CO₂ accumulator and then between the CO₂ accumulator and the second metering device. The first and second metering devices can be operated to feed the first and second portions of CO₂ refrigerant into the first and second evaporation sectors respectively. The second transfer line also comprises a pressure differential unit between the cooling stage and the CO₂ accumulator. Since the first and second metering devices can be operated independently, a CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector can be different from a CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector. In some scenario, the CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than the CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector. The CO₂ refrigerant is circulated in a closed-loop circuit: between the compression stage to the cooling stage, between the cooling stage and the evaporation stage through the first and second CO₂ transfer lines, the second CO₂ transfer line comprising the CO₂ accumulator and the pressure differential unit. The CO₂ refrigerant is then circulated between the evaporation stage and the CO₂ accumulator, and finally from the CO₂ accumulator to the compression stage.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C, there is shown an alternative embodiment of a CO₂ cooling system wherein the features are numbered with reference numerals in the 200 series which correspond to the reference numerals of the previous embodiments. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A, the CO₂ cooling system 200 includes two CO₂ reservoirs 232 and 218. The CO₂ liquid receiver 218 is a condensation reservoir while the reservoir 232 is a suction accumulator. The CO₂ liquid receiver 218 accumulates CO₂ refrigerant in liquid and gaseous states. The suction accumulator 232 provides storage for the CO₂ refrigerant directed to compression stage 212 from evaporation stage 226 and in which separation of the CO₂ refrigerant in gaseous state from the CO₂ refrigerant in liquid state occurs.

The CO₂ cooling system 200 is conceived to cool down an ice-covered surface and, more particularly an ice rink which can be located in an arena. It is understood that other configurations and applications can be foreseen.

The CO₂ cooling system 200 includes a compression stage 212 in which CO₂ refrigerant in a gaseous state is compressed by a plurality of compressors 242 mounted in parallel. The compressors 242 are designed to compress CO₂ refrigerant and can compress CO₂ refrigerant into a sub-critical state or a supercritical state (or transcritical state). Oil separators 243 are mounted in the line(s) extending between the output of the compression stage 212 and the cooling stage 214. Check valves 244 are mounted in the line(s) extending between the outlets of the compressors 242 and the oil separators 243. Check valves 246 are also mounted between the oil separators 244 and the cooling stage 214. The purpose of check valves 214 and 216, as well as other check valves, will be described in more details below.

In the embodiment shown, the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the compression stage 212 is transferred to the cooling stage 214 in CO₂ transfer line 216 as compressed CO₂ refrigerant. In the cooling stage 214, the compressed CO₂ refrigerant releases heat. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A, the cooling stage 214 includes a gas cooler 248. The CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage 214 is transferred to the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 in CO₂ transfer line 220. A pressure regulating unit 222 is positioned downstream of the cooling stage 214 and upstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver 218. The pressure regulating unit 222 includes a pressure differential valve 250 (also referred to as an ICMTS valve) in line 220. The pressure regulating unit 222 also includes CO₂ transfer line 220A which can be used to bypass the pressure differential valve 250. The pressure regulating unit 222 includes two isolation valves 251 (one downstream and one upstream) of the pressure differential valve 250 in line 220, as well as one isolation valve 251A in line 220A. The isolation valves 251, 251A allow selecting one flow path or the other (i.e., allow bypassing the pressure differential unit 250 by going through line 220A, or going through the pressure differential unit 250 in line 220). For example, when the CO₂ cooling system 200 is operating in a subcritical state, the pressure differential unit 250 can be by-passed, and when the CO₂ cooling system 200 is operating in a transcritical state, the CO₂ refrigerant can go through the pressure differential valve 250. It is understood that the purpose of the pressure regulating unit 222 is the same as the purpose of the pressure regulating unit 22 described above.

In some embodiments, such as the embodiment shown in FIG. 4A, the cooling stage 214 includes optional heat reclaim stages 264 and 266. For example, heat reclaim stage 264 can allow recovering heat for domestic hot water by actuation of valve 268 and by operating heat exchangers 269. For example, heat reclaim stage 266 can allow recovering heat for heating the room in which the ice rink 262 is located, by actuation of valve 270 and by operating heat exchangers 271. In such cases, the CO₂ refrigerant can then be returned to CO₂ transfer line 216 and directed to the gas cooler 248.

Liquid CO₂ refrigerant can be directly sent from the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 to the evaporation stage 226 in CO₂ transfer line 224, or can first be sent through a dryer 252 in line 224A, in order to remove traces of moisture content or humidity that may be present in the CO₂ refrigerant. Isolation valves 254 and check valves 256 are provided in lines 224 and 224A so that one flow path or the other can be selected.

Gaseous CO₂ refrigerant, such as flash gas, can be recirculated back from the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 to the compression stage 212 in CO₂ transfer line 223. A pressure controller 258 is used to regulate the pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver 218. The pressure controller 258 is connected to a pressure sensor and a temperature sensor in line 220 upstream of the pressure differential valve 250, as well as to a pressure sensor and an electronic expansion valve 260 in line 223. When the CO₂ refrigerant is in a transcritical state, the pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 is controlled by the ICMTS valve 250. When the pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 reaches a certain level, the pressure controller 258 can instruct the electronic expansion valve 260 to release gaseous refrigerant back to the compression stage 212.

CO₂ transfer line 224 directs CO₂ refrigerant, in liquid state, from the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 to the evaporation stage 226. Line 224 is divided into CO₂ transfer sub-lines 224A, 224B, 224C, 224D and 224E, each including an expansion valve 228A, 228B, 228C, 228D and 228E. Each of the sub-lines 224A to 224E allows CO₂ refrigerant into a respective one of several sectors of an ice rink 262. In the embodiment shown, the expansion valve 228E delivers CO₂ refrigerant in pipes located below and around the ice rink 262 (i.e., below and on the exterior of the ice rink 262), before being fed into CO₂ transfer line 230 exiting the evaporation stage 226. Upstream of each one of the expansion valves 228D, 228C, 228B, 228A, the respective sub-line 224D, 224C, 224B and 224A is further divided into three paths (which can be circuits of pipes), each path delivering CO₂ refrigerant under a surface of the ice-rink 262 and along the length of the ice rink 262, and circling back to deliver CO₂ refrigerant into line 230 existing the evaporation stage 226. The CO₂ refrigerant circulating in the pipes can absorb heat from a heat-transfer fluid or solid surrounding the pipes and located under the ice-covered surface. In some scenarios, the heat-transfer fluid contacting the pipes and located under the ice-covered surface is brine. In some scenarios, the heat-transfer fluid contacting the pipes and located under the ice-covered surface is ambient air. In such case, a plurality of fans can be provided to promote air circulation around the pipes containing CO₂ refrigerant. The air is drawn around the pipes by the action of the fans, promotes heat exchange, and can then exit through an aperture (not shown in the Figure). This configuration can allow for forced convection around the pipes, which can increase heat transfer. In other words, the above-described cooling system 200 can allow a direct heat transfer between CO₂ refrigerant and ambient air, or can be used to cool down gases, liquids, and solids by heat exchange, thereby indirectly transferring heat between the CO₂ refrigerant and ambient air. In some scenarios, the pipes are embedded in concrete, below the ice-covered surface and heat transfer can occur with the ambient air.

As for the embodiments described above, each one of the metering devices 228A to 228E is independently controllable. In an embodiment, the metering devices 228A to 228E can be operatively connected to a controller (not shown) and their configuration, i.e. opening or speed, can be adjusted in accordance with the required CO₂ flowrate. As mentioned above, the sector(s) corresponding to the center of the ice rink and surrounding the goals, if any, has(have) higher cooling needs and thus require(s) a higher CO₂ flowrate.

CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage 226 is directed to the suction accumulator 232, in line 230. It is understood that the accumulator 232 has the same purpose as accumulator 32 described above. The gaseous CO₂ refrigerant is supplied to the compression stage 212 from the suction accumulator 232 in line 230.

In an alternative embodiment (not shown), one or several sectors of the evaporation stage 226 can be supplied through a line, including a metering device, if connected to the accumulator 232, instead of the CO₂ liquid receiver 218. For instance, the metering devices 228A, 228E can be pumps mounted to CO₂ transfer lines extending between the suction accumulator 232 and the evaporation stage 226.

The CO₂ refrigerant circulates in the CO₂ cooling system 200 mainly through the action of the compression stage 212. The check-valves which are provided in various CO₂ transfer lines of the CO₂ cooling system 200 (such as check-valves 246, 256 among others), prevent CO₂ refrigerant to be directed in an opposite direction. The check-valves are typically one-way valves which allow CO₂ refrigerant circulation in a single direction. For example, check-valves 246 allow CO₂ refrigerant to circulate from the compression stage 212 to the cooling stage 214 and/or other optional heat reclaim stages.

A pressure relief valve 272 is provided in a CO₂ transfer line 274 extending from CO₂ transfer line 216 downstream of the compression stage 212 and the optional heat reclaim stages 264 and 266 and upstream the gas cooler 248. It is appreciated that the location of the pressure relief valve 272, if any, can vary from the embodiment shown. The CO₂ cooling system 200 also includes other valves to control the fluid flow therein, and a plurality of suitable sensors, such as temperature and pressure sensors, as it is known in the art. For instance, control valves or isolation valves 276 can be provided in the CO₂ transfer lines extending between the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 and the evaporation stage 226, and/or between the evaporation stage 226 and the accumulator 232, and/or between the accumulator 232 and the compression stage 212, and/or between the compression stage 212 and the cooling stage 214, and/or between the cooling stage 214 and the CO₂ liquid receiver 218, and/or at any other suitable location. In some scenarios, the control valves can be configured to control the CO₂ expansion, and therefore the temperature.

Referring now to FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C, there is shown yet another embodiment of a CO₂ cooling system wherein the features are numbered with reference numerals in the 200 series which correspond to the reference numerals of the previous embodiments. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5A, the CO₂ cooling system 200 includes two CO₂ reservoirs 232 and 218. The reservoir 218 is a CO₂ liquid receiver while the reservoir 232 is a suction accumulator. The CO₂ liquid receiver 218 accumulates CO₂ refrigerant in liquid and gaseous states. The suction accumulator 232 provides storage for the CO₂ refrigerant directed to compression stage 212 from evaporation stage 226 and in which separation of the CO₂ refrigerant in gaseous state from the CO₂ refrigerant in liquid state occurs.

In the embodiment shown, gaseous CO₂ refrigerant can be directed from the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 to the suction accumulator 232 in CO₂ transfer line 234. It is understood that isolation valve 236, located in line 234, has the same purpose as valve 36 described above. Liquid CO₂ refrigerant is directed from the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 to the evaporation stage 226 in CO₂ transfer line 224, and liquid CO₂ refrigerant is directed from the suction accumulator 232 to the evaporation stage 226 in CO₂ transfer line 237. Line 224 is divided into sub-lines 224B and 224C, each including a respective expansion valve 228B and 228C. Line 237 includes a pump 238 for pumping CO₂ refrigerant in sub-lines 237A, 237D and 237E. Typically, the CO₂ liquid receiver 218 operates at a higher pressure than the suction accumulator 232. As a non-limiting example, the CO₂ liquid receiver can operate at between 450 and 550 psi (e.g. 500 psi), and the suction accumulator can operate at between 300 psi and 400 psi (e.g. 350 psi). The expansion valves 228B and 228C can be configured to deliver a high load of CO₂ refrigerant into the central portion of the ice rink, while the pump 238 can be configured to deliver a lower load of CO₂ refrigerant compared to the expansion valves 228B and 228C. Typically, the ice of an ice-covered surface such as an ice rink 262 of an arena is more easily damaged in certain sectors, such as center ice. In the embodiment shown, it is therefore possible to deliver a high flowrate of CO₂ refrigerant to certain sectors (e.g. the center of the ice rink 262), while a lower flowrate of CO₂ refrigerant can be delivered to other sectors (e.g. the side sectors of the ice rink 262). It is understood that the pump 238 and each one of the expansion valves 228B, 228C can be operated and configured independently from one another. Furthermore, each one of the sublines 237A, 224B, 224C, 237D and 237E can be provided with flow-limiting devices downstream of the pump and/or each one of the expansion valves (not shown in the Figures). Such flow-limiting devices can for example include valves such as solenoid valves, motorized valves, one-way flow control devices, pressure-regulating valves, and the like.

It is understood that combinations of different embodiments of the CO₂ cooling systems 10, 100 and 200 described herein can be foreseen. For instance, as a non-limiting example, the several pumps (such as pump 138 of FIG. 3) can be used without using expansion valves in order to control the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in different sectors of the evaporation stage. As another non-limiting example, one or more pumps (such as pump 138 of FIG. 3) can be used in combination with one or more expansion valves (such as valve 128 of FIG. 3), in the CO₂ cooling system 200.

It is appreciated that the cooling systems 10, 100 and 200 can include several CO₂ transfer lines extending in parallel or, in some embodiments, CO₂ transfer lines can combine. For instance and without being limitative, in the evaporation stage 26 shown in FIG. 1A, the circuit of pipes can combine into line 30 after exiting the evaporation stage 26. In alternative embodiments, the sub-lines can exit the evaporation stage 26 without combining in a single line 30, and can instead extend in parallel to deliver CO₂ refrigerant directly to the reservoir 32 and/or the compression stage 12.

In some embodiments, a method for operating a CO₂ cooling system is provided. The CO₂ cooling system includes a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; a CO₂ liquid receiver in which the CO₂ refrigerant is accumulated in liquid and gaseous states; and an evaporation stage including first and second evaporation sectors and in which the CO₂ refrigerant having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat. For example, the method allows operating CO₂ cooling system including any one of CO₂ cooling systems 10, 100 and 200 described above.

The method includes circulating the CO₂ refrigerant in a closed-loop circuit between the compression stage, the cooling stage and the evaporation stage. The method also includes independently controlling a first pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the first evaporation sector and a second pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the second evaporation sector. In some embodiments, the evaporation stage can include more than two evaporation sectors, such as three, four, five or more evaporation sectors. In such cases, it is understood that the method can include independently controlling the pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in at least two of the evaporation sectors. In some scenarios, the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant can be controlled in all of the sectors.

It should be understood that in the expression “independently controlling the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant” in a given sector, it is meant that pressure variations in the given sector do not substantially affect the pressure of CO₂ refrigerant in other sectors, including neighboring sectors. In other words, each one of the independently controlled sectors can be controlled by one or more metering device(s) which is/are not tied to other metering device(s) controlling other independent sectors of the evaporation stage. The independent control can be carried out by operatively connecting the metering devices to a controller.

The cooling system described above and the associated method can reduce the total energy requirement of the CO₂ cooling system by allowing independently controlling the amount of CO₂ refrigerant being provided in certain sectors of the evaporation stage.

It will be appreciated that the method to operate the CO₂ cooling system described herein may be performed in the described order, or in any suitable order.

Several alternative embodiments and examples have been described and illustrated herein. The embodiments of the invention described above are intended to be exemplary only. A person of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate the features of the individual embodiments, and the possible combinations and variations of the components. A person of ordinary skill in the art would further appreciate that any of the embodiments could be provided in any combination with the other embodiments disclosed herein. It is understood that the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or central characteristics thereof. The present examples and embodiments, therefore, are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and the invention is not to be limited to the details given herein. Accordingly, while the specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications come to mind without significantly departing from the spirit of the invention. The scope of the invention is therefore intended to be limited solely by the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A CO₂ cooling system, comprising: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the compressed CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; an evaporation stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant, having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat, the evaporation stage comprising: a first evaporation sector and a second evaporation sector; a first CO₂ transfer line feeding a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage into the first evaporation sector, the first CO₂ transfer line comprising a first metering device mounted upstream the first evaporation sector; and a second CO₂ transfer line feeding a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage into the second evaporation sector, the second CO₂ transfer line comprising a second metering device mounted upstream of the second evaporation sector and a CO₂ accumulator mounted upstream of the second metering device, wherein the first metering device and the second metering device are operated independently from one another, CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector being different than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector; and a plurality of CO₂ transfer lines connecting the compression stage, the cooling stage and the evaporation stage, and wherein the CO₂ refrigerant is circulable in a closed-loop circuit.
 2. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 1, further comprising a CO₂ liquid receiver located upstream of the first and the second metering devices and the CO₂ accumulator and wherein the second CO₂ transfer line further comprises a pressure differential unit mounted between the CO₂ liquid receiver and the CO₂ accumulator.
 3. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 1, wherein the first metering device comprises an expansion valve and the second metering device comprises a pump.
 4. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 1, comprising a CO₂ transfer line transferring the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the compression stage, and wherein the CO₂ accumulator is mounted in the CO₂ transfer line transferring the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the compression stage.
 5. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 2, further comprising a pressure regulating unit mounted to at least one of the first and second transfer lines upstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver.
 6. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 1, wherein the evaporation stage comprises a circuit of pipes extending under an ice-playing surface with the circuit of pipes including at least one first pipe line corresponding to the first evaporation sector and at least one second pipe line corresponding to the second evaporation sector.
 7. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 6, wherein: the at least one first pipe line extends below a central section of the ice-playing surface; the at least one second pipe line extends below an outer section of the ice-playing surface; and CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector.
 8. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 7, wherein downstream of a respective one of the first and second metering devices, at least one of the first and second CO₂ transfer lines is divided into a plurality of CO₂ transfer sub-lines, wherein each one of the CO₂ transfer sub-lines comprises a controllable metering device supplying CO₂ refrigerant to the respective one of the first and second evaporation sectors.
 9. A CO₂ cooling system, comprising: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the compressed CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; a CO₂ liquid receiver in which the CO₂ refrigerant, exiting the cooling stage, is accumulated in liquid and gaseous states; an evaporation stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant, having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat; the evaporation stage comprising: a first evaporation sector and a second evaporation sector; a first CO₂ transfer line feeding a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage into the first evaporation sector, the first CO₂ transfer line comprising a first metering device mounted upstream of the first evaporation sector, the first CO₂ transfer line by-passing the CO₂ liquid receiver; and a second CO₂ transfer line feeding a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ liquid receiver into the second evaporation sector, the second CO₂ transfer line comprising a second metering device mounted upstream of the second evaporation sector, wherein the first metering device and the second metering device are operated independently from one another; and a plurality of CO₂ transfer lines connecting the compression stage, the cooling stage, the CO₂ liquid receiver and the evaporation stage and wherein the CO₂ refrigerant is circulable in a closed-loop circuit.
 10. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 9, wherein the first metering device comprises an expansion valve and the second metering device comprises a pump.
 11. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 9, comprising a CO₂ transfer line transferring the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the compression stage.
 12. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 11, further comprising a CO₂ accumulator mounted to the CO₂ transfer line extending between the evaporation stage and the compression stage.
 13. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 9, further comprising a pressure regulating unit mounted to at least one of the first and second transfer lines upstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver.
 14. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 13, comprising a CO₂ transfer line transferring a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant from the CO₂ liquid receiver to the CO₂ accumulator, and including a pressure differential unit mounted downstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver and upstream of the CO₂ accumulator.
 15. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 9, wherein the evaporation stage comprises a circuit of pipes extending under an ice-playing surface with the circuit of pipes including at least one first pipe line corresponding to the first evaporation sector and at least one second pipe line corresponding to the second evaporation sector.
 16. The CO₂ cooling system of claim 15, wherein: the at least one first pipe line extends below a central section of the ice-playing surface; the at least one second pipe line extends below an outer section of the ice-playing surface; and CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector.
 17. A method for operating a CO₂ cooling system, the CO₂ cooling system comprising: a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; and an evaporation stage comprising a first evaporation sector and a second evaporation sector, and in which the CO₂ refrigerant having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat, the method comprising: circulating the CO₂ refrigerant in a closed-loop circuit between the evaporation stage, the compression stage and the cooling stage, wherein circulating the CO₂ refrigerant comprises conveying a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage into the first evaporation sector; conveying a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to a CO₂ accumulator through a pressure differential unit, and conveying the second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ accumulator into the second evaporation sector; and independently controlling a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the first evaporation sector and a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the second evaporation sector.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a first metering device downstream of the cooling stage and upstream of the first evaporation sector; and a second metering device downstream of the CO₂ accumulator and upstream of the second evaporation sector; wherein conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant comprises conveying a respective one of the first and the second portions through a respective one of the first and the second metering devices; the method further comprising independently controlling the first metering device and the second metering device so as to feed the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant to the respective one of the first and the second evaporation sectors, so that CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a CO₂ liquid receiver, in which the CO₂ refrigerant is accumulated in liquid and gaseous state, located upstream of the first and the second metering devices and the CO₂ accumulator, wherein conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant comprises conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to the CO₂ liquid receiver and then conveying the first and second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant to the respective one of the first metering device and the pressure differential unit provided upstream of the CO₂ accumulator.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to CO₂ liquid receiver comprises lowering a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant by conveying at least one of the first and second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant between the cooling stage and the CO₂ liquid receiver through a pressure regulating unit.
 21. The method of claim 17, further comprising conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the CO₂ accumulator, and then conveying a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ accumulator to the compression stage.
 22. The method of claim 17, wherein the evaporation stage comprises a circuit of pipes extending under an ice-playing surface with the circuit of pipes including at least one first pipe line corresponding to the first evaporation sector and extending below a central section of the ice-playing surface, and at least one second pipe line corresponding to the second evaporation sector and extending below an outer section of the ice-playing surface.
 23. The method of claim 20, comprising monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver; controlling at least one of the pressure regulating unit, the pressure differential unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver is maintain between 400 and 600 psi; monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ accumulator; and controlling at least one of the pressure differential unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ accumulator is maintain between 300 and 400 psi.
 24. A method for operating a CO₂ cooling system, the CO₂ cooling system comprising a compression stage in which CO₂ refrigerant is compressed; a cooling stage in which the CO₂ refrigerant releases heat; a CO₂ liquid receiver in which the CO₂ refrigerant is accumulated in liquid and gaseous states; and an evaporation stage comprising first and second evaporation sectors, in which the CO₂ refrigerant having released heat in the cooling stage, absorbs heat, the method comprising: circulating the CO₂ refrigerant in a closed-loop circuit between the compression stage, the cooling stage, and the evaporation stage, wherein circulating the CO₂ refrigerant comprises: conveying a first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage into the first evaporation sector, the first portion of the CO₂ refrigerant by-passing the CO₂ liquid receiver; conveying a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to the CO₂ liquid receiver, and conveying a second portion of the CO₂ refrigerant into the second evaporation sector; and independently controlling a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the first evaporation sector and a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant in the second evaporation sector.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a first metering device downstream of the cooling stage and upstream of the first evaporation sector; and a second metering device downstream of the CO₂ liquid receiver and upstream of the second evaporation sector; wherein conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant comprises conveying a respective one of the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant through a respective one of the first and the second metering devices, the method further comprising independently controlling the first and the second metering devices so as to feed the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant to a respective one of the first and the second evaporation sectors, so that CO₂ pressure in the first evaporation sector is higher than CO₂ pressure in the second evaporation sector.
 26. The method of claim 24, wherein the CO₂ cooling system further comprises a CO₂ accumulator downstream of the evaporation stage and upstream of the compression stage, the method comprising conveying a portion of the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ liquid receiver to the CO₂ accumulator through a pressure differential unit; conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the evaporation stage to the CO₂ accumulator; and conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the CO₂ accumulator to the compression stage.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein conveying the CO₂ refrigerant exiting the cooling stage to CO₂ liquid receiver comprises lowering a pressure of the CO₂ refrigerant by conveying the first and the second portions of the CO₂ refrigerant from the cooling stage to a respective one of the first metering device and the CO₂ liquid receiver through a pressure regulating unit.
 28. The method of claim 24, wherein the evaporation stage comprises a circuit of pipes extending under an ice-playing surface with the circuit of pipes including at least one first pipe line corresponding to the first evaporation sector and extending below a central section of the ice-playing surface, and at least one second pipe line corresponding to the second evaporation sector and extending below an outer section of the ice-playing surface, wherein each of the at least first and second pipe line comprises a controllable metering device.
 29. The method of claim 27, comprising monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver; controlling at least one of the pressure regulating unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ liquid receiver is maintained between 400 and 600 psi; monitoring CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ accumulator; and controlling at least one of the pressure differential unit, the first metering device and the second metering device so that CO₂ pressure in the CO₂ accumulator is maintained between 300 and 400 psi. 